PHY-703 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS.
Objectives:
- Introduce concepts of symmetry, and geometric crystallography and have the students be able to apply these concepts to diverse problems in materials science and engineering.
- Introduce concepts regarding the physics of diffraction so that the students will be able to understand the strengths and weaknesses of diffraction methods as a materials characterization technique.
- Have the students understand the physics of X-ray interactions with matter so that theyf can appreciate the effects of these interactions on materials analysis problems.
- Have the students understand, through a combination of lecture and laboratory exercises, the principle methods of materials analysis by X-ray diffraction, and the be able to apply them to specific materials analysis problems.
Course Description:
- Crystallography; crystallographic calculations; properties of common crystal structures of engineering materials.
- The stereographic projection and its use in depicting angular relationships in crystals and as a tool for solving crystallographic problems.
- The theory of diffraction of X-rays, including the determination of both the direction and intensities of diffracted beams; calculation of the structure factor and usifng it in diffraction problems.
- The reciprocal lattice, including an introduction to the concept of reciprocal space and the reciprocal lattice and the expression of diffraction phenomena in terms of the reciprocal lattice.
- X-ray physics, including X-ray spectra (both continuous and characteristic), X-ray production (both conventional and synchrotron sources), X-ray absorption, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray safety.
- Specific X-ray analysis techniques, including single crystal diffraction, the powder diffraction method, use of the X-ray diffractometer, indexing of powder patterns, precision lattice parameter determination, thin film diffraction, phase diagram determination, use of the JCPDS database, and the determination of preferred orientation.
Recommended Books:
- Rhodes, Gale Crystallography Made Crystal Clear: A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models 3rd Edition Springer 2006.
- Massa, Werner Crystal Structure Determination 2nd Edition Springer 2004.
- David, W.I., K. Shankland, L.B. McCusker, and Ch. Baerlocher/
- Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction data 1st Edition Oxford University Press 2002.
PHY-704 Magnetic Oxide Materials
1. The crystal structure of ferrites: Spinel structure, Hexagonal structure, Garnet structure.
2. Preparation of ferrites: solid state reactions, combustion synthesis, coprecipitation,
sol-gel, method, microwave sintering, preparation of ferrite thin films.
3. Magnetization in ferrimagnetic materials: Neel’s theory of ferromagnetism, Spontaneous Magnetization, comparison of Neel’s theory with experimental data, Saturation moments in ferrites, ferrite solid solutions, the origin of the interactions in ferrimagnetics.
4. Magnetic properties of ferromagnetics, Initial permeability, Magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Magnetostricitive anisotropy, Hysteresis in ferrimagnetirics, Magnetooptical properties.
5. Microwave resonance and relaxation (microwave absorption in ferrites).
6. Electrical Transport Properties: Resistivity, Dielectric constant, thermopower, magneto-resistance, conduction mechanisms.
Recommended books:
1. K.J. Standly, “Oxide Magnetic Materials” Clarendon Press Oxford (1972).
2. D.J. Craik, “Magnetic Oxides Part-I”, John Wiley & sons (1975).
3. “Magnetic Ceramics” Raul Valenzua Cambridge University press, 1994. 1st Edition.
4. “The physical principles of Magnetism” by Alan H. Morrish, John Willey & sons 1966.
5. “Introduction to Magnetic Materials” by B. D. Cullity, Addison Wesley Publishing
Company, 1972
PHY-705 ELECTRONIC THEORY OF ALLOYS
Drude theory of metals, the Sommerfeld theory of metals, Failure of free electron model, electron levels in periodic potential, electrons in a weak periodic potential, the
tight binding method, other methods for calculation of band structure of metals, classical and semi-classical theory of calculation in metals, Fermi surface and its measurements, band structure of some selected metals, electronic structure of alloys, solid solutions, Home Rothery rules, Order disorder phenomena and its physical basis.
Recommended Books:
- Solid State Physics, Neil Ashcroft and N. David Mermin, Sunders College Publishing 1976.
- Principles and theory of solids, James Zyman, Cabridge 1972.
- Solid State Physics, Advances in Research and Applications, Vol.1-48, Edited by F.Seitz.
PHY-706 PHYSICS OF SOLAR CELLS.
Review of Semiconductor properties
Introduction to Energy Sources, Crystal Structure and Orientations, Forbidden Energy Gaps, Probability of Occupation of Allowed States, Electrons and Holes, Energy Density of Allowed States, Densities of Electrons and Holes, Band Model of a Group IV Semiconductors, Group III and V Dopants, Location of Fermi Level in Doped Semiconductors, Carrier Transport Through Drift and Diffusion. Interaction of Light with Semiconductors, Recombination Processes.
p-n Junction Diodes and Other Devices Structures
Electrostatic of p-n Junctions, Junction Capacitance, Carrier Injection, Diffusive Flow in Quasi-Neutral Regions, Dark and Illuminated Characteristics, Homojunctions, Semiconductor Heterojunctions, Metal-Semiconductor Heterojunctions, Low-Resistance Contacts, MIS Solar Cells, Photoelectrochemical Cells, Materials and Structural Characteristics affecting Cell Performance, Short-Circuit Current Limits & Losses, Open-Circuit Voltage Limits & Losses, Effect of Temperature, Fill Factor Losses, Efficiency Measurement and its Improvements.
Design of Solar Cells and Modules
Optimal Cell Design Consideration, Collection Probability of Generated Carriers, Junction Depth, Lateral esistance of Top Layer, Doping of Substrates, Back Surface Fields, Top-Layer Limitations, Dead Layers, High Doping Effects, Contribution to Saturation Current Density, Top-Contact Design, Optical Design, Antireflection coating Textured Surfaces, Spectral Response, Solar Cell Modules.
Solar Cell Materials & Applications
Amorphous-Silicon Solar Cells, Cadmium Sulphide-Copper Sulphide Solar Cells, Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells, Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells, copper Temary and Quaternary Chalcopyrite Solar Cells, Advanced Concentrator Solar Cells, Energy Storage, Uses of Solar Cells in Water Pumping and in Residential Systems, Central Power Plants for Space Applications.
Recommended Books
- Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications by Martin A. Green, Prentice-Hall, Inc., (1982).
- Solar Energy Utilization by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers-Dehli (1991).
- Solar energy Conversion: The Solar Cells by Richard C. Neville, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, (1978).
- Solar Cells: From Basic to Advanced Systems by Chenming Hu & Richard M. White, McGraw Hill Book Company (1983).
PHY-707 CHALCOPYRITE SEMICONDUCTORS
Crystalline & Amorphous Semiconductor Materials
Materials used in solid-state devices and in basic research, Preparation & measurement of semi conducting materials, Silicon and germanium, Other element semiconductor, III-V compounds, II-VI compounds, Ternary and quaternary compounds, Very-narrow-gap semiconductors, Oxide semiconductors, Refractory semiconductors, Superconducting semiconductors, Magnetic semiconductors, Organic semiconductors, Low-mobility semiconductors, Amorphous semiconductors.
The Chalcopyrite Structure and Crystal Growth
The Chalcopyrite structure, Phase transition in chalcopyrite crystals, Tetrahedral coordinated compounds, Dissociation pressure of chalcopyrite compounds, Phase relationship in mixed I-III-VI2 systems, General consideration of crystal growth, Growth of I-III-VI2 crystals, Mechanical behaviour of chalcopyrite compounds.
Electronic Structure of I-III-VI2 Semiconductors
Introduction, Valence band structure, Temperature dependence of the direct energy gap, p-d hybridization, Exciton optical properties.
Electrical Properties
Electrical Properties of I-III-VI2 compounds, Annealing characteristics, Transport measurements of sulfides, selenides, and tellurides.
Luminescence
Luminescence spectra of I-III-VI2 compounds, Stimulated emission spectra of I-III-V2 compounds, CdS-CuGaS2 electroluminescent diodes.
Recommended Books
- Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Properties and applications, J.L. Shay and J.H. Wernick, Pergamon Press.
PHY-708 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
1. Electromagnetic Theory
Introduction, Complex function formation, Consideration of Energy and Power in Electromagnetic fields, Wave propagation in Isotropic media, Wave propagation in Crystals.
2. The Propagation of Rays & Beams
Introduction, Lens Wave Guide, Propagation of Rays between miners, Rays in hence like media, Wave equation in Quadratic index media, Gussian beam in homogeneous medium, Fundamental Gussian beam in a lens like medium, ABCD law.
3. Properties of Optical Beam in Fibers
Introduction, Wave Propagation in Cylindrical coordinates, Step Index circular wave guides, linearly polarized waves, graded index fibers.
4. Optical Resonators.
Introduction fabry perot Etalon, fabry perot Etalon as optical spectrum analyzer, optical resonator with spherical mirrors, modes, resonance frequencies in optical resonators, losses, diffraction theory.
5. Theory of Laser Oscillation and some Laser Systems.
Introduction fibry perot laser, power in laser oscillators, laser oscillation and mode locking, pumping and laser efficiency, ruby laser, Nd+3: YAG Laser, Neodymium glass laser, CO2 laser, Ar laser, Excimer Laser, Organic dye Laser.Propagation, Modulation and Oscillation in Optical Dielectric Waveguides:
Introduction, Wave Guide modes, TE&TM modes, Theory of coupled modes, periodic wave guide, Distribution feedback laser, Electro-optic modulation and mode coupling in dielectric wave guides, Directional coupling, Leaky dielectric wave guides.
Recommended Books:
1. Optical by Amnon Yariv.
PHY-709 PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN SOLIDS.
Fundamental theory of diffusion phase transformations in solid metals and alloys; applications of thermodynamics to calculation of phase boundaries and driving forces for transformations; theory of solid-solid nucleation, diffusion growth theory, applications of thermkodynamics and nucleation and growth theory to the principal experimental systems of precipitation from solid solution, the massive transformations, the cellular and the pearlite reactions, martensitic transformations, the role of shear in diffusion phase transformations.
Recommended Books
- Phase Transitions in Solids, (An Approach to the study of Chemistry and Physics of Solids), C.N.R. Rao and K.J. Rao, McGrow-Hill Publishing Co., New York and London, 1978.
PHY-710 PHOTOVOLTAICS MATERIALS.
Characteristics of II-VI Binary and Ternary Alloys, Criteria for Choice of Window and Absorber Materials, Different Deposition Techniques for Single Crystal & Polycrystalline Materials, Effect of Annealing in Different Environment, Some Characterization Techniques such as EBIC, DLTS, Rutherford Back Scattering etc. Interface Configurations used in Solar Cells, Selection of Optimum Band gap for Photovoltaic Devices, Formation of Ohmic Contacts and their description.
Text Books:
- Bardsley, Hurle and Mullin, Crystal Growth: A tutorial Approach, North Holland Publishing Company, 1979.
- S.J. Fonash, Solar Cell Device Physics, Academic Press, 1981.
Recommended Books:
- P.R. Vaya, Semiconductor Materials, Narosa Publishing House, 1993.
- Milton Ohring, The Material Science of Thin Films, Academic press, INC. 1092.
PHY-711 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS.
Dielectric fundamentals, Structure of dielectrics, Electrical conduction in dielectrics, Polarization mechanisms, Dielectric breakdown, Dielectric relaxation, Dielectric devices.
Recommended Books:
- Physics of Solid Dielectrics, Ion Bunget & Mihai Popescu, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.
- Physics of Dielectric Materials, V. Tareev, Mir Publishers Moscow, 1975.
- Dielectrics and Waves, A. Von Hippel, Joh Wiley, New York 1959.
- Dielectric Materials & Applications, A. Von Hippel, Joh Wiley, New York 1954.
- Dielectrics, J.C. Anderson, Chapman & Hall, London, 1963.
- Dielectric Solids, P.A. Zaky & R.Hawley, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1970
- Dielectrics, P.J. Harrop, Butterworth, London, 1972.
PHY-712 X-RAY FLOURECSCENCE
Fundamental, Instrumentation and Qualitative Analysis
Recommeded books:
- Elements of X-ray Diffraction, by B. D. Cullity, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Philippines, 2000.
- X-ray Diffraction Procedures, by Harold P. Klug and Leroy E. Alexander, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A., 1974.
PHY-713 STRUCTURAL THERMODYNAMICS OF ALLOYS
- Fundamental concepts of classical thermodynamics of solid solutions in equilibrium states:
Variation of thermodynamic functions with composition at constant pressure or volume and temperature, classification of different types of homogeneous solid solutions according to expression of free energy, experimental determination of curves of activity and of free energy, conditions for de-mixing of solid solutions, equilibrium diagrams, statistical thermodynamics of solid solutions
- Structural thermodynamics of alloys not in equilibrium state:
Evolution of structure towards equiulibrium, hardening by precipitation, thermodynamics consideration on formation of metastable phases during ageing of very hard alloys, theory of precipitation, growth of precipitates formed by homogeneous nucleation, discontinuous precipitation, martensitic transformations in alloys.
Recommended books:
- Structural Thermodynamics of Alloys, by Jack Manenc, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston, U.S.A, 1973.
- Thermodynamics of Materials(Vol. 1), by David V. Ragone, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A., 1995.
PHY-714 PERMANENT MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1. Introduction:
Basis of permanent magnetism: Moments, magnetization and magnetic fields, Atomic-scale magnetism, Extrinsic properties, Magnetic materials: Classification, Permanent magnets
2. Basic magnetism:
Fields and interactions: Electromagnetic fields, Quantum theory of atomic magnetism, Dirac equation and spin moment, Magnetic forces and susceptibilities, *Diatomic two-electron exchange, *Many-body models and approximations, Magneto-static interactions, Magnetic ions: Atomic wave-functions, Ionic moments, *Charge distribution, Ionic excitations, Magnetic order: Zero-temperature magnetic order, Finite-temperature models and approximations, *Beyond the mean-field theory, Itinerant magnetism: The magnetism of free electrons, Band structure and moment formation, *Spin fluctuations
3. Anisotropy and coercivity:
Magnetic anisotropy: Phenomenology, Physical origin of anisotropy, Rare-earth anisotropy, 3d anisotropy, Temperature dependence, Basic micro magnetics: *The micromagnetic energy functional, Domains and domain walls, Coherent rotation, Nucleation in homogeneous ellipsoids, Extrinsic properties: Hysteresis loops, Origin of coercivity, Nucleation in inhomogeneous permanent magnets, Pinning, Nano-structured permanent magnets, Magnetic viscosity: *Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, The logarithmic law, Micro-structural origin of magnetic viscosity
References: Permanent Magnetism, R. Skomski and J. M. D. Coey, Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd. 1999, ISBN 07503-0478-2
PHY-715 INORGANIC GLASS SYSTEMS
Fundamentals of glassy state, Glass formation principles, Methods of producing glass, Structure of glasses, Composition -structure - property relationship, Phase separation, Density and thermal expansion, Transport properties,electronic conduction, Mechanical properties, optical properties, Dielectric properties, Glass technology.
Recommended Books:
- Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Arun K. Varshneya, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, 1994.
- Glass Science, Robert H. Doremus, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973.
Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, James E. Shelby, the Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1997
